He tarutaru te bamboo, he tipu otaota nui engari he iti noa iho i roto i te whānau tarutaru (Poaceae) me ētahi āhuatanga ahurei: Ka tipu takitahi ngā tipu o ētahi momo mai i te 70 cm ki te mita (27.5 inihi me te 39.3 inihi). Ka taea te hopu i te hauhā waro e toru ki te whā ngā wā i ia rā i ētahi atu tipu, ka puāwai ia 100 ki te 150 tau i te toharite engari ka mate, kāore ōna pakiaka i te hohonu ake i te 100 cm (39.3 inihi), ahakoa te teitei ina pakeke, ka taea e ōna kakau te eke ki te 25 mita (82.02 putu) i roto i ngā tau e toru noa iho, ā, ka taea e rātou te whakarato atarangi tae atu ki te 60 ngā wā o te rohe, engari kāore e neke atu i te 3 mita tapawha. Nā Manuel Trillo rāua ko Antonio Vega-Rioja, he tohunga koiora e rua i whakangungua i te Whare Wānanga o Seville i te tonga o Pāniora, i hanga te whare whakatipu bamboo tuatahi kua whakamanahia kāore e uru mai. He taiwhanga otaota tā rāua taiwhanga hei tūhura me te whakamahi i ngā painga katoa o te tipu, engari ko ngā whakaaro o mua o te tangata mō ēnei painga he mea mau ake i ngā pakiaka o te tipu.
He hōtēra, he whare, he kura me ngā piriti pāpaka. Ko te tarutaru tino tere te tipu o te ao, e whakarato ana i te kai, te hāora, me te marumaru, ā, ka taea e ia te whakaheke i te pāmahana taiao tae atu ki te 15 nekehanga Celsius ki te whakataurite ki ngā mata e whakamāramahia ana e te rā. Heoi, kei a ia te kawenga teka o te kiia he momo whakaeke, ahakoa te mea e 20 noa iho o ngā momo neke atu i te 1,500 kua tautuhia e kiia ana he whakaeke, ā, i roto noa i ētahi rohe.
"Ka puta te whakahāwea i te whakapoauau i te takenga mai me te whanonga. Ehara hoki ngā rīwai, ngā tōmato me ngā karaka i te whenua taketake o Ūropi, engari ehara i te mea whakaeke. Kāore i rite ki ngā otaota, kei waenganui ngā pakiaka o te pāmu. Kotahi anake te kakau e puta mai ana [te peka mai i te waewae kotahi, i ngā putiputi, i ngā tataramoa rānei]," te kī a Vega Rioja.
I tīmata te hiahia o te matua o Vega Rioja, he kaihoahoa hangarau, ki ēnei wheketere. I tukuna e ia tōna ngākau nui ki tana tama hei tohunga koiora, ā, i whakatūria e ia me tana hoa a Manuel Trillo tētahi taiwhanga tipu taiao hei ako me te whakaatu i ēnei tipu hei whakapaipai, hei āhuatanga ahumahi me te āhuarangi. Koinei te wāhi i ahu mai ai a La Bambuseria, kei ētahi kiromita noa iho i te tāone matua o Andalusia, me te tuatahi o ngā whare whakatipu pīkau kore-whakaeke i Ūropi.
"I kohia e mātou he 10,000 ngā kākano, e 7,500 o ēnei i pihi ake, ā, i tīpakohia e mātou he 400 mō ō rātou āhuatanga," te whakamārama a Vega Rioja. I roto i tana taiwhanga tipu, e kapi ana i te kotahi heketea (2.47 eka) i te awaawa momona o te awa o Guadalquivir, e whakaatu ana ia i ngā momo momo kua urutau ki ngā āhuatanga āhuarangi rerekē: ko ētahi o rātou ka taea te tu atu ki ngā pāmahana tae noa ki te -12 nekehanga Celsius (10.4 nekehanga Celsius). Fahrenheit (Fahrenheit), ā, ka ora i ngā awha hotoke o Philomena, ko ētahi ia e tipu ana i ngā koraha. He rerekē te rohe matomato nui ki ngā pāmu putiputi rā me ngā pāmu rīwai tata. Ko te pāmahana o te huarahi uku i te tomokanga he 40 nekehanga Celsius (104 nekehanga Fahrenheit). Ko te pāmahana i roto i te whare whakatipu he 25.1 nekehanga Celsius (77.2 nekehanga Fahrenheit).
Ahakoa e 50 pea ngā kaimahi e hauhake ana i ngā rīwai i raro iho i te 50 mita mai i te hōtēra, ko ngā tangi manu anake ka rangona i roto. Kua ata tirohia ngā painga o te pāma hei rauemi mimiti oro, ā, kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau he rauemi mimiti oro pai tēnei.
Engari he nui rawa te kaha o tēnei tipu nui o te otaota. Ko te bamboo, te pūtake o te kai a te panda nui, tae atu ki tōna āhua, kua noho ki te oranga o te tangata mai i ngā wā onamata, e ai ki ngā Pūrongo Pūtaiao.
Ko te take o tēnei pumau, i tua atu i te mea he puna kai, ko tōna hanganga motuhake, i tātarihia i roto i te rangahau National Science Review, kāore i warewarehia e te tangata. Kua whakamahia te taputapu i roto i ngā hoahoa maha, i te penapena pūngao rānei tae atu ki te 20% ina kawe ana i ngā kawenga taumaha mā te whakamahi i ngā tautoko māmā. "Ka taea e ēnei taputapu whakamiharo engari māmā te whakaiti i te mahi ā-ringa a ngā kaiwhakamahi," te whakamārama a Ryan Schroeder o te Whare Wānanga o Calgary i roto i te Journal of Experimental Biology.
Kei roto i tētahi atu tuhinga i whakaputaina i roto i te GCB Bioenergy e whakaahua ana i te whakamahinga o te bamboo hei rauemi mō te whanaketanga o te pūngao hou. "Ko te bioethanol me te biochar ngā hua matua ka taea te whiwhi," te whakamārama a Zhiwei Liang o te Whare Wānanga o te Ahuwhenua me ngā Pūtaiao Ora o Hungary.
Ko te mea nui ki te maha o ngā mahi a te pāmu ko te tohatoha ā-wāhi o ngā muka i roto i tōna rango tuwhera, kua arotauhia hei whakarei ake i tōna kaha me tōna āheinga piko. "Ko te whai i te māmā me te kaha o te pāmu, he huarahi e kiia nei ko te biomimicry, kua angitu ki te whakaoti rapanga maha i roto i te whanaketanga rauemi," te kī a Motohiro Sato o Te Whare Wānanga o Hokkaido, ko ia hoki te kaituhi o te rangahau Plos One. Nā tēnei, ko ngā kiriuhi wai o te pāmu te mea e tere tipu ana i te ao, ā, kua whakaohokia e tēnei he rōpū kairangahau i Te Whare Wānanga Hangarau o Kuinirani ki te whakawhanake i ngā hiko pākahiko whai hua ake mō te utu tere ake.
He whānuitia ngā whakamahinga me ngā tono o te pāma, mai i te hanga taputapu kīhini pirau-koiora ki te hanga pahikara, taonga rānei i roto i ngā wāhanga katoa o te hoahoanga. E rua ngā tohunga koiora Pāniora kua tīmata i tēnei ara. "Kāore mātou i mutu te rangahau," te kī a Trillo, me tāpiri atu e ia tana mōhiotanga ki te koiora ki te mātauranga ahuwhenua. E whakaae ana ngā kairangahau kāore e taea e rātou te whakahaere i te kaupapa me te kore tana akoranga, i whakawhiwhia ki a ia mai i tōna hoa noho a Emilio Jiménez me te tohu paerua mahi.
Nā te whakapau kaha ki ngā taiwhanga tipu kua waiho a Vega-Rioja hei kaihoko tuatahi ture mō te pāpaka i Thailand. Kei te whakamātautau tonu rāua ko Trillo i ngā momo whakawhiti hei whakaputa tipu me ngā āhuatanga motuhake i runga i te whakamahinga, i te rohe whakatipu rānei, kei te rapu rānei i te ao mō ngā purapura ahurei e $10 te utu mō ia tipu hei whakaputa i te 200 momo whakatipu.
Ko tētahi whakamahinga he pūmanawa tonu, ā, he pānga nui mō te wā poto ko te waihanga i ngā wāhi matomato whakamarumaru ātete ki ngā pepeke i ētahi wāhi ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā otinga āhuarangi koiora me te iti o te whakamahinga oneone (ka taea te whakatō ki te pāmao i roto i te puna kaukau) me te kore e kino.
E kōrero ana rātou mō ngā wāhi e tata ana ki ngā huarahi tere, ngā puni kura, ngā whenua ahumahi, ngā marae tuwhera, ngā taiepa noho, ngā huarahi nui, ngā wāhi kāore he otaota. E kī ana rātou ehara te pāpaka i te otinga rerekē mō ngā tipu taketake, engari he taputapu pokanga mō ngā wāhi e hiahia ana kia tere te hipoki i ngā otaota. Mā tēnei ka āwhina i te hopu i te nui o te hauhā waro e taea ana, ka whakarato i te 35% atu o te hāora, ā, ka whakaiti i te pāmahana mā te 15 nekehanga Celsius i roto i ngā āhuatanga taiao tino kino.
Ko ngā utu kei waenganui i te €70 ($77) ki te €500 ($550) mō ia mita o te pāpaka, i runga i te utu o te whakaputa i ngā tipu me te ahurei o te momo e hiahiatia ana. Ka taea e te tarutaru te whakarato i tētahi hanganga ka roa mō ngā rau tau, me te utu iti iho mō ia mita tapawha o te hanganga, te nui ake o te wai e whakamahia ana i ngā tau tuatahi e toru, me te iti rawa o te wai e whakamahia ana i muri i te pakari me te moe.
Ka taea e rātou te tautoko i tēnei kereme me ngā patu pūtaiao. Hei tauira, i kitea i roto i tētahi rangahau o ngā tāone 293 o Ūropi i whakaputaina i roto i te puka Nature, ahakoa he kākāriki, ka whakapūmauhia te wera e ngā wāhi tāone nui e rua ki te whā ngā wā nui atu i ngā wāhi kua kapi i ngā rākau, i ngā tipu teitei rānei. Ko ngā ngahere pāpaka te mea e hopu ana i te hauhā waro i ngā momo ngahere kē atu.
Wā tuku: 14 o Ākuhata 2023
